Harmonics from Inverter Loads: When a Passive Filter Wins and When an Active Filter Does
Passive filter or AHF: decided by load profile and resonance order at the supply point, not by filter performance.
Equipment technology
Servo Drive Noise: Design the Common-Mode Return Path Before Adding Filters
Much servo noise is a common-mode return path problem. Fix PE, shield termination and routing before adding filters.
Emergency Stop Category 0 vs 1: Choose by Measured Stopping Distance, Build It Hardwired (IEC 60204-1)
E-stop allows only stop category 0 or 1. Choose by measured stopping time and build the off-delay disconnect hardwired.
ESS Core Equipment: PCS, BMS and Battery Racks
An ESS is not just a battery. It needs a PCS to convert power and a BMS to monitor and protect the battery before it becomes a complete system.
Safety Relay or Safety PLC: The Deciding Factor Is How Safety Functions Combine, Not PL
Safety relay vs safety PLC turns on how many safety functions interact and how often they change, not on PL or SIL.
Transformer Overload Outages: Replacement First or Load Management First?
Transformer outages during the August 2026 heat wave, and a checklist that uses measured load factor to decide between replacement and load management.
Motor Regenerative Braking: Braking Resistor or Regenerative Converter Comes Down to Energy per Hour
Braking resistor vs regenerative converter is decided by regenerated energy per hour and the supply-loss braking path.
ESS Thermal Runaway Propagation: Why You Need Both NFPA 855 (2026) and UL9540A
NFPA 855 (2026 edition) does not replace UL9540A. Separating certification (product test) from installation (BOS interlocks) to set safety interlock priorities and an I/O map.
Immersion-Cooled ESS: How Thermal Runaway Interlock Design Differs from Air Cooling
In immersion-cooled ESS, coolant circulation and level interlocks must rank above cell temperature interlocks. Safety interlock order and I/O checklist, based on G2Power’s AI immersion-cooled ESS.
Distribution-Grid ESS Second Tender: When Do Next-Generation Batteries Get Preference?
The second tender for distribution-grid ESS adds preference for long-duration, long-life, fire-safe batteries in Jeju. The interlock order to check first in AI-based charge/discharge logic.