Samsung Electro-Mechanics’ oxide-based wearable solid-state battery and sulfide-based EV solid-state batteries are not stages of one roadmap. Where each wins, by current density.
With the 3rd ESS central contract market tender expected at 1GW or more, whether the price weighting is cut and non-price (safety) evaluation expanded has emerged as the variable deciding NCA prismatic versus LFP.
Hyundai Motor and Kia began a 200kWh UBESS demonstration with LG Energy Solution and others. Used packs have different histories, so the SOH and internal resistance spread between packs must be interlocked first.
Judge cell form factor by the parallel count that pack voltage and capacity produce, and by the blast radius of one cell failure.
CTP and CTC gain volume but enlarge the replacement and reuse unit to pack and body. Cell failure rate and reuse plans decide it.
LG Energy Solution–Seoul National University joint research (announced 2026-09-07): upper charge limit 4.6V→4.3V and lower discharge limit 3.0V→2.0V kept a 40Ah-class LMR cell at 92.2% after 883 cycles. An I/O map and ST pseudocode that carry this result into BMS operating-grade voltage window parameters separated from protection-grade interlocks.
Passive balancing handles SOC spread only; active also handles part of capacity spread. The kind of spread that stops discharge decides it.
Domestic and non-China material dual-sourcing only pays off once the expected loss from supply-disruption risk driven by tariffs and export controls exceeds the added cost of diversification. Up to that point, a China-dependent supply chain remains the rational choice when cost-competitiveness is the deciding factor.
Secondary batteries may seem suited to everything, but where they truly excel is well defined. The key lies in the combination of energy density and response speed.
Sulfide-based solid-state stack pressure has fallen to ~0.2 MPa in lab results. What must change on the equipment side is not the jig, but the pressure measurement point and interlock conditions.